Harriet Beecher Stowe :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, was born in Litchfield, Connecticut in the year of 1811. She was a housewife of six, and wrote articles for magazines for a living. Stowe’s sister, Isabella Jones Beecher, was furious from the passing of the Fugitive Slave Law, passed as part of the Compromise of 1850. The law required all Northerners to return runaway slaves to their Southern owners. The result of the anger of the two sisters resulted in the production of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. When reading the book, it is quite obvious to an observant reader that the book was written by a nineteenth century woman during the nineteenth century. The opening scene of the book, where Mr. Shelby talks to Haley about Tom, is a reference to Harriet Beecher herself. She is trying to portray that all themes in this book about the evils of slavery are unfortunately true. There were some bright points besides the evils of slavery. Stowe mentioned that slavery in Kentucky was not so badly-off. This, however, angered abolitionists. Even though, there were still many fears to worry about. Another point is that Stowe makes Eliza and George, the parents of little Harry, light skinned. Stowe remarks that light-skinned women, like Eliza, are often especially attractive. This is one stereotype that whites have over blacks. The stereotype is described fully in the description of the two light-skinned story characters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All of the characters in Uncle Tom’s Cabin are based on real acquaintances of Harriet Beecher Stowe. Eliza is based on a young woman that Stowe had met in Kentucky. The first indication of this is found in Chapter 3: The Husband and the Father. In this chapter, George Harris decides to run away to Canada and work to buy Eliza and Harry’s freedom. Also in this chapter, George and Eliza possess completely different thoughts about slavery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All in all, most of the situations and characters in this book are references to Harriet Beecher Stowe and the life she lived.

Cigarette Smoking as a Public Health Hazard Essay

The Production and Sale of Cigarettes should be illegal and completely banned. The Surgeon General warns; Tobacco usage can be hazardous to your health. It is a drug equal to, if not more harmful than alcohol and some prescription drugs. If you don’t think smoking is addictive, ask someone who has tried quitting. As far back as the early 1960s, the connection between smoking and lung disease/cancer was made, and although smoking continued to be glamorized by many Hollywood actors and actresses, it became known that smoking also caused numerous health risks. In the 1960’s CBS Television sold itself to advertisers by highlighting their ability to reach a broad audience and the cigarette industry provided a large percentage of the networks’ revenue. Yet studies continued to show breathing smoke from other people’s people cigarettes or chewing tobacco products, were proven to be just as harmful to one’s health, as it would be if the person smoked themse lves. Not only is smoking a health risk to the person who chooses to do it, second-hand smoke affects millions of people in the U.S., causing significant diseases and sometimes even death. Manufacturers have hidden hide the real consequences of cigarette smoking for years, even though they knew it was compromising the health of the general public, which includes including men, women and children who had never smoked a single cigarette. The average teenager saw at least 26 cigarette ads each week and more than 100 ads per month, while children with chronic diseases such as asthma continued to suffer as a result of being exposed to involuntary secondhand smoke. Cigarette smoking can be attributed to Diabetes, Lung Cancer, Blindness, Kidney Failure, Problems with pregnancy in women including the inability to conceive, Birth Defects, High Blood Pressure, Respiratory Diseases and many more serious illnesses. Some adults suffer suffered from medical conditions as a direct result of the exposure to cigarette and cigar smoke in public places, family gatherings or their place of employment. Cigarette smokers, manufacturers, and advertising companies faced severe criticism and the Surgeon General began to prepare and report with significant findings on the effects of smoking. Unfortunately, it was too late for medical assistance or intervention for many. By then, medical conditions appeared and some were too advanced or terminal, making treatment impossible. The American Cancer Society encourages smokers to quit smoking on the third Thursday of November each year, this annual intervention/event is known as the Great American Smokeout. The goal of this event is to provide smokers with a wealth of information related to the health risks of smoking and to help them understand that quitting is the first step in becoming healthier. Materials and toolkits are provided nationally to those interested in hosting events aimed at helping Americans make healthy choices related to quitting. Some argue that electronic cigarettes, also known as E-Cigarettes are safer to use. They are sold online and come in a variety of flavors. E-Cigarettes are thought to be cool, and are a huge attraction to youth, as there is no age requirement to purchase them then. However, however, before smokers choose e-cigarettes there are several facts they should know. These cigarettes contain nicotine, a highly addictive drug and are still considered to be a huge health risk. E-cigarettes are an unregulated tobacco product with more than 500 brands and more than 7,000 flavors yet they have not been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). E-cigarettes emit aerosol (vapor) which means its users inhale/exhale carcinogens, such as formaldehyde. Today, the dangers of smoking are very well-documented; in fact, smoking has been banned in many public places including restaurants, places of employment and professional buildings. Abuse of tobacco combined with alcohol and illicit drugs, costs our country over $600 billion dollars in health-care annually, not to mention what it cost in loss of productivity due to health-related issues and physical challenges. Diseases caused by smoking harm almost every organ in the human body. It is the cause of 1 in 5 deaths in the United States alone, yet it is estimated that more than 42 million Americans continue to smoke. Citations Judy Kruger et. Al., â€Å"Perceptions of Harm from Second Hand Smoke Exposure Among US Adults†, Tobacco Induced Diseases, Feb. 2, 2016 Vol. 14 Issue 13, http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.rlib.pace.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=5&sid=3e7714d0-37a9-4672-8c8e-014de0082732%40sessionmgr104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=edsgcl.442139813&db=edsgaoRichard W. Pollay, â€Å"Exposure of US Youth to Cigarettes Television Advertising in the 1960’s† Tobacco Control, June 1994, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 130-133, 4p, http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.rlib.pace.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=9&sid=3e7714d0-37a9-4672-8c8e-014de0082732%40sessionmgr104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=67205935&db=edbArden Pope III el. al., â€Å"Lung Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Associated with Ambient Air Pollution and Cigarette Smoke: Shape of the Exposure-Response Relationships†, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Environmental Health Perspectives, 2011, Vol. 119(11), pp. 1616-1621, http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.rlib.pace.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=24&sid=3e7714d0-37a9-4672-8c8e-014de0082732%40sessionmgr104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=edsjsr.41263267&db=edsjsrProctor RN, â€Å"Why Ban the Sale of Cigarettes? The Case for Abolition†, Tobacco Control, May 2013, Vol. 22, Suppl. 1, pp. i27-30, http://eds.b.ebscohost.com.rlib.pace.edu/eds/detail/detail?vid=26&sid=3e7714d0-37a9-4672-8c8e-014de0082732%40sessionmgr104&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#AN=23591501&db=cmedm Don’t forget to include your Last name and Page # on each page. 1 inch from the right top corner of each page. You do not have quotations and citations included in your essay. Citation or Cited Work should be on one page.

Do Stereotypes Use Framing Effects - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1755 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/04/12 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Stereotypes Essay Did you like this example? Standard living with media or Stereotypes using Framing effects? Picture yourself in a situation. You are given two choices and you must choose one. Situation A: You won a lifelong vacation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Do Stereotypes Use Framing Effects?" essay for you Create order No stress. No work. All you should do is spend your days the way you want to. Situation B: Like A, you receive a vacation as well. This vacation though, is not as fabulous as the one prior and it is a little more crowded. But you can still spend it as you wish and it is free. Naturally, the choice most people would go for is A. While both instances offer a lifelong retreat, B has its setbacks. Its limited and mentioned a lot of the cons to the vacation, such as being crowded, uncomfortable and lower quality than A. Even though, both are get-away trips, Situation A, however, shows no flaws. Like Situation B, it could have its downfalls too but the problems were not addressed up front. For all the readers know, Situation A could be as bad, if not worse than Situation B. But most would not realize it because of how fascinating it sounds. Stress free with no responsibilities. Media framing works the same way. Framing is summed up as a judgement or opinion about something based on how its presented to an audience. It is effective at catching the audience attention, whether it promotes good or bad impressions of ideas and people. Which brings up a question I had for a while, while are people, like the working and lower middle class are shown so negatively in the media? Often portrayed as uneducated and foolish in sitcoms and in the background on the news, it seems like the sole purpose of the working-class character is to provide laughs. The stereotypes have been around for decades and is slowly showing signs of ceasing. By using stereotypes and social framing, the media not only promotes close minded labels but also adds to the negative stereotypes of the lower classes all while marketing merchandise and unnecessary luxury items. Today, the media is the primary source of information we collect. With computers, TV, smartphones and tablets, available to us, we know the most current events and see the latest trends with ease. Even author, Diana Kendall addresses how the media plays a vital role in society. In the excerpt, Framing Class, Vicarious living and Conspicuous Consumption. Kendall states that the media is so much a part of our culture, that it, simply does not mirror society, rather, they help to shape it and to create cultural perception.[1] (Kendall, 316) With so many ways to communicate along with the many ways to receive knowledge, faming has found its way into the media. But why is it so important? Sure, it can be seen in ads, newspapers, the internet and tv but why should we need to be aware of it? Framing is important to know because it determines how information is presented to us. It is a view someone else has that they share with others. And the person or people with the view wants as many people to listen and agree with it as possible. Whether the view or idea should be respected or accepted is completely left up to the audience. Because framing is an effective tool used by the media, could there be bias in the things we watch? The answer is yes. Framing can be problematic because television ads often use it to manipulative the viewers. Often narratives are framed one way, the way the media wants us to see them. Because of this, we are only given small pieces of the story and not the whole thing. In an article written by Marsha Richins, a professor in the Department of Marketing at the University of Missouri, she gives an example of media selection. This one was a commercial for United airlines. The lead character is an attractive working mother, balancing work and taking care of her daughter. She, drops her daughter off at day care, flies to a business meeting, and returns at the end of the day in time to pick up her smiling, delighted daughter[2]. Richins noted that the boring things in the ad were taken out. [3]We dont see this woman brushing her teeth or standing in line to buy a newspaper. Also omitted a re the unpleasant things. As far as we know, this woman never has a run in her pantyhose, never has to wait in the rain for a cab, and her daughter never whines. In media, time and space are costly. Including boring or unpleasant aspects of life in a television commercial or program is expensive and in most cases detrimental to the advertisers or directors goal, so these elements are omitted. But the resulting image depicts an idealized version of life that isnt achieved even by the most fortunate members of society. [4] Framing could also divide people, not only by appearance and preferences, but also by social class. Kendalls book explains this theory. One argument she makes is that the media forces societys ideals on everyday people. The upper-class are often praised for their wealth and prosperity. Seeing their luxury and how amazing their lives are, we wished ours could be the same. The perceptions they force on us Kendall informs, blur the line of reality and what is not real encourages people to emulate the upper class and shun the working class and poor[5] (Kendall, 317) It sounds crazy but it is a great example of how powerful marketing is. You are being targeted without realizing it and they will not bluntly admit what they want you to do but instead send messages through advertisement. From seeing the ads and hearing others opinions and as well as listening to our own, we then make our decision. These class bias can lead to many stereotypes and prejudging. And from what Ive seen on TV, the working class gets the worst of it. Class dismissed, a documentary based on a book with the same titled by Pepi Leistyna, goes against many of the tv stereotypes of the working class thought out the history. According to the video, the working class are portrayed as foolish because tv wants you to believe, workers inadequacies are to blame for their lack of advancement.[6] In other words, it is your fault you are where you are. Because tv frames the idea that anybody can, achieve success[7] with two simple ingredients: passion and hard-work[8] many people ignore the fact that, most of the time, things that happen to us is beyond our control. Some decisions are based on our choices but not everyone of them. Its unfair to say everyones circumstances are the same and it comes off very insensitive and narrow-minded. Having this framed mindset, teaches us to be displeased with ourselves and to seek fortune. It makes us think that our lives would be incomplete without the latest designer clothes and shoes. Americans find themselves overspending on name brands and expensive cars. Kendall states the framing is associated with rampant consumerism is emulation framing, which suggest that people in all classes should reward themselves with a few of the perks of the wealthy[9] Using phycological manipulation, companies trick consumers by exposing their insecurities and offering their products as a solution to them. Unfortunately, the products do not solve consumer problems, but instead puts them in debt because of constant spending. All while businesses are making profits. In conclusion, framing has proved to be a powerful device and highly effective. It shapes the way we think without us even realizing it. The framing effect can be found everywhere: newspapers, media, tv, ads etc. Because of its influence, the media has been using it for years to persuade us to buy products. Since its used often can it be misleading? By using social framing, the media not only encourages close minded views but also adds to the negative stereotypes of the lower classes, while endorsing spending and gaining profit from unaware consumers. Works Cited Kendall, Diana Elizabeth. 2005. Framing class: media representations of wealth and poverty in America. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Leistyna, Pepi, Loretta Alper, and Edward Asner. 2005. Class dismissed: how TV frames the working class. [Northampton, MA]: Media Education Foundation. (Video) Director: Loretta Alper Ed Asner YouTube – September 26, 2007 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIJENf-s6r4 Marsha L. Richins (1992),Media Images, Materialism, and What Ought to Be: The Role of Social Comparison, in SV Meaning, Measure, and Morality of Materialism, eds. Floyd W. Rudmin and Marsha Richins, Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 202-206. url: https://acrwebsite.org/volumes/12215/volumes/sv08/SV-08 Stazi, Irene (A.A. 2014/2015) Framing effects in marketing messages. Tesi di Laurea in Behavioural economics and psychology, LUISS Guido Carli, relatore Massimo Egidi, pp. 59. [Bachelors Degree Thesis] https://tesi.eprints.luiss.it/15185/1/070912.pdf Hicks, Alexandria. Keeping up with the Jones: Socioeconomic Class Representation in Sitcoms. University of Oregon thesis, School of Journalism and Communication, Honors College, B.A. (2014) https://hdl.handle.net/1794/18254 Diana Elizabeth, Kendall. 2005. Framing class: media representations of wealth and poverty in America. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield Publishers. Marsha L. Richins (1992),Media Images, Materialism, and What Ought to Be: The Role of Social Comparison, in SV Meaning, Measure, and Morality of Materialism, eds. Floyd W. Rudmin and Marsha Richins, Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 202-206. url: https://acrwebsite.org/volumes/12215/volumes/sv08/SV-08 Richins (1992),Media Images, Materialism, and What Ought to Be: The Role of Social Comparison, in SV Meaning, Measure, and Morality of Materialism, eds. Floyd W. Rudmin and Marsha Richins, Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, Pages: 202-206. Ibid. Kendall. 2005. Framing class: media representations of wealth and poverty in America. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield Publishers Leistyna, Pepi, Loretta Alper, and Edward Asner. 2005. Class dismissed: how TV frames the working class. [Northampton, MA]: Media Education Foundation. (Video) Director: Loretta Alper Ed Asner YouTube September 26, 2007 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIJENf-s6r4 Hicks, Alexandria. Keeping up with the Jones: Socioeconomic Class Representation in Sitcoms. University of Oregon thesis, School of Journalism and Communication, Honors College, B.A. (2014) https://hdl.handle.net/1794/18254 Hicks, Keeping up with the Jones: Socioeconomic Class Representation in Sitcoms. University of Oregon thesis, School of Journalism and Communication, Honors College, B.A. (2014) https://hdl.handle.net/1794/18254 Diana Elizabeth, Kendall. 2005. Framing class: media representations of wealth and poverty in America. Lanham, Md: Rowman Littlefield Publishers